Beschreibung
Inhaltsangabe1 Definitions.- 2 Historical Development of the Term Rockglacier.- 3 Rockglaciers: Description and Morphometry.- 3.1 General Description.- 3.2 Form Types.- 3.3 Morphometric Parameters.- 3.3.1 Rockglacier Sizes.- 3.3.2 Tongue-Shaped Rockglaciers.- 3.3.3 Lobate Rockglaciers.- 3.3.4 Rockglacier Thickness.- 3.3.5 Surface Relief.- 3.3.6 Rockglacier Surface and Source Area.- 4 Rockglacier Taxonomy.- 5 Rockglacier Distribution.- 5.1 General Information.- 5.2 Local Rockglacier Distribution.- 5.2.1 The Alps.- 5.2.2 The Mountains of Northern Europe.- 5.2.3 The Pyrenees.- 5.2.4 North American Mountains.- 5.2.5 The Andes of Central and South America.- 5.2.6 The Mountains of Asia.- 5.2.7 The Southern Alps.- 5.2.8 Antarctic Mountains.- 5.2.9 Conclusions.- 6 Rockglacier Material, Surficial Fabric and Internal Structure.- 6.1 Rock Type and Grain Size at and below the Surface.- 6.1.1 Rock Type.- 6.1.2 Grain Sizes at the Surface.- 6.1.3 Development of the Bouldery Mantle.- 6.1.4 Surface Fabric.- 6.1.5 Grain Sizes below the Bouldery Mantle.- 6.2 Internal Structure.- 6.2.1 Direct Information.- 6.2.1.1 Excavations, Outcrops, Tunnels.- 6.2.1.2 Smaller Boreholes.- 6.2.1.3 The Deep Borehole through the Rockglacier Murtèl I.- 6.2.2 Indirect Information.- 6.2.2.1 Seismic Information.- 6.2.2.2 Geoelectric Soundings.- 6.2.2.3 Radio-Echo Soundings.- 6.2.2.4 Gravimetry.- 6.2.2.5 Borehole Geophysics and Related Measurements.- 6.2.2.6 BTS Measurements.- 6.2.2.7 Summary: The Inner Core of an Active Rockglacier.- 6.3 The Active Layer on Rockglaciers.- 7 Rockglacier Movement, Velocity, and Rheology.- 7.1 The Horizontal and Vertical Movement of Active Rockglaciers.- 7.1.1 Measurement Methods.- 7.1.2 Annual Horizontal Displacement.- 7.1.3 Long-Term Annual Averages.- 7.1.4 Long-Term Estimates.- 7.1.5 Longer Time Series.- 7.1.6 Monthly and Seasonal Measurements.- 7.1.7 Vertical Displacement.- 7.1.8 Conclusion.- 7.2 Geometry of Movement.- 7.2.1 The General Flow Patterns of Active Rockglaciers.- 7.2.1.1 Gruben Rockglacier.- 7.2.1.2 Macun Rockglacier.- 7.2.1.3 Arapaho Rockglacier.- 7.2.2 Horizontal Velocity on Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Profiles.- 7.2.3 Surface and Subsurface Velocity.- 7.3 Rheologie Considerations.- 7.3.1 Shear Stress and Strain Rates in Active Rockglaciers.- 7.3.2 The Rheological Description of Active Rockglaciers.- 7.4 Rockglacier Movement and Climate.- 7.5 Discussion of Rockglacier Movement.- 8 Rockglacier Genesis and the Relation to Similar-Looking Landforms.- 8.1 Rockglacier Genesis.- 8.1.1 The Formation of Active Rockglaciers.- 8.1.1.1 Talus Rockglaciers.- 8.1.1.2 Debris Rockglaciers.- 8.1.1.3 Special Rockglaciers.- 8.1.1.4 Problematic Cases.- 8.1.2 Inactive Rockglaciers.- 8.1.3 Relict (Fossil) Rockglaciers.- 8.2 Published Hypotheses of Rockglacier Formation.- 8.2.1 Mass-Movement Hypotheses.- 8.2.1.1 The Bergsturz Hypothesis in General.- 8.2.1.2 Landslide Influences.- 8.2.2 The Glacial Hypothesis.- 8.2.2.1 Debris-Covered Glaciers and Thermokarst.- 8.2.2.2 Transition from True Glaciers to Rockglaciers?.- 8.2.2.3 The Moraine Hypothesis.- 8.2.3 The Periglacial (Blockstream) Hypothesis.- 8.3 True Rockglaciers under Wrong Labels.- 8.3.1 The Östrem Ice-Cored Moraine Concept.- 8.3.2 The Protalus Rampart Concept.- 9 The Age of Rockglaciers.- 9.1 The Age of Active Rockglaciers.- 9.2 The Age of Climatic Inactive Rockglaciers.- 9.3 The Age of Relict (Fossil) Rockglaciers.- 10 Rockglaciers and the High Mountain Environment.- 10.1 Active Rockglaciers and Mountain Permafrost.- 10.2 Rockglaciers in the Coarse Debris Cycle.- 10.2.1 Rockglaciers and Talus Production.- 10.2.2 Rockglacier Size and Source Area.- 10.2.3 Rockglaciers as a Debris Transport System.- 10.3 Rockglaciers and Climate.- 10.3.1 Rockglaciers and Present Climate.- 10.3.2 Relict Rockglaciers and Paleoclimate Reconstruction.- 10.3.3 Reactivation of Inactive or Relict Rockglaciers.- 10.3.4 Rockglaciers and Climatic Change.- 10.4 Rockglaciers in the Alpine Hydrological Cycle.- 10.4.1 Rockgla
