Essentials of Ultrasonography

For doctors and students who wish to learn ultrasonography concisely yet comprehensively. The authors present the subject both systematically and practically, and with the facility of quick reference in mind, making generous use of flow-charts, tables and teaching-points. All general aspects of diagnostic ultrasound are covered, concentrating on those disorders encountered in the daily routine of scanning, but also referring to rarer conditions which need to be considered in differential diagnosis.

InhaltsangabeI.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Basics.- 1.2 Ultrasound Contrast Media.- 1.2.1 General.- 1.2.2 Principles and Characterization.- 1.2.3 Diagnostic Fields of Use.- 1.3 Standardized Examination.- 2 Artefacts.- 3 Reporting.- 3.1 Image Documentation.- 3.2 Text Documentation.- II.- 4 Liver.- 4.1 Imaging Modalities.- 4.2 Ultrasonography.- 4.2.1 Examination Technique.- 4.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 4.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 4.2.3 Sonopathology.- 4.2.3.1 Fatty Infiltration.- 4.2.3.2 Focal Fatty Infiltration.- 4.2.3.3 Focal Sparing in Fatty Infiltration.- 4.2.3.4 Cirrhosis.- 4.2.3.5 Ascites.- 4.2.3.6 Pleural Effusion.- 4.2.3.7 Abscess.- 4.2.3.8 Haematoma.- 4.2.3.9 Cysts.- 4.2.3.10 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia.- 4.2.3.11 Haemangioma.- 4.2.3.12 Metastases.- 4.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 5 Biliary System.- 5.1 Imaging Modalities.- 5.2 Ultrasonography.- 5.2.1 Examination Technique.- 5.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 5.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 5.2.3 Sonopathology.- 5.2.3.1 Sludge.- 5.3.2.2 Cholelithiasis.- 5.2.3.3 Pneumobilia.- 5.2.3.4 Gallbladder Hydrops.- 5.2.3.5 Choledocholithiasis.- 5.2.3.6 Biliary Dilatation.- 5.2.3.7 After Cholecystectomy Haematoma.- 5.2.3.8 Acute Cholecystitis.- 5.2.3.9 Gallbladder Empyema.- 5.2.3.10 Chronic Cholecystitis.- 5.2.3.11 Gallbladder Polyps.- 5.2.3.12 Gallbladder Carcinoma.- 5.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 6 Pancreas.- 6.1 Imaging Modalities.- 6.2 Ultrasonography.- 6.2.1 Examination Technique.- 6.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 6.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 6.2.3 Sonopathology.- 6.2.3.1 Acute Pancreatitis.- 6.2.3.2 Pancreatic Necrosis.- 6.2.3.3 Chronic Pancreatitis.- 6.2.3.4 Pancreatic Pseudocysts.- 6.2.3.5 Pancreatic Duct Dilatation.- 6.2.3.6 Pancreatic Carcinoma.- 6.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 7 Spleen.- 7.1 Imaging Modalities.- 7.2 Ultrasonography.- 7.2.1 Examination Technique.- 7.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 7.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 7.2.3 Sonopathology.- 7.2.3.1 Splenomegaly.- 7.2.3.2 Splenuncule.- 7.2.3.3 Abscess.- 7.2.3.4 Haematoma.- 7.2.3.5 Infarction.- 7.2.3.6 Cysts.- 7.2.3.7 Lymphoma.- 7.2.3.8 Metastases.- 7.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 8 Intestine.- 8.1 Imaging Modalities.- 8.2 Ultrasonography.- 8.2.1 Examination Technique.- 8.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 8.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 8.2.3 Sonopathology.- 8.2.3.1 Appendicitis.- 8.2.3.2 Ileus.- 8.2.3.3 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.- 8.2.3.4 Carcinoma of the Colon.- 8.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 9 Kidneys.- 9.1 Imaging Modalities.- 9.2 Ultrasonography.- 9.2.1 Examination Technique.- 9.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 9.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 9.2.3 Sonopathology.- 9.2.3.1 Malformations.- 9.2.3.2 Chronic Pyelonephritis.- 9.2.3.3 Atrophy.- 9.2.3.4 Papillary Necrosis.- 9.2.3.5 Nephrocalcinosis.- 9.2.3.6 Nephrolithiasis.- 9.2.3.7 Hydronephrosis.- 9.2.3.8 Cysts.- 9.2.3.9 Angiomyolipoma.- 9.2.3.10 Nephroblastoma (Wilms' Tumour).- 9.2.3.11 Renal Cell Carcinoma (Grawitz' Tumour).- 9.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 10 Adrenals.- 10.1 Imaging Modalities.- 10.2 Ultrasonography.- 10.2.1 Examination Technique.- 10.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 10.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 10.2.3 Sonopathology.- 10.2.3.1 Cysts.- 10.2.3.2 Hyperplasia.- 10.2.3.3 Phaeochromocytoma.- 10.2.3.4 Neuroblastoma.- 10.2.3.5 Metastases.- 10.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 11 Retroperitoneum.- 11.1 Imaging Modalities.- 11.2 Ultrasonography.- 11.2.1 Examination Technique.- 11.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 11.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 11.2.3 Sonopathology.- 11.2.3.1 Clips.- 11.2.3.2 Atherosclerosis of the Aorta.- 11.2.3.3 Atherosclerosis of the Aortic Branches.- 11.2.3.4 Aortic Aneurysm.- 11.2.3.5 Lymphadenopathy.- 11.2.3.6 Retroperitoneal Tumour.- 11.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 12 Bladder.- 12.1 Imaging Modalities.- 12.2 Ultrasonography.- 12.2.1 Examination Technique.- 12.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 12.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 12.2.3 Sonopathology.- 12.2.3.1 Megaureter.- 12.2.3.2 Ureterolithiasis.- 12.2.3.3 Cystitis.- 12.2.3.4 Diverticula.- 12.2.3.5 Carcinoma.- 12.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 13 Prostate.- 13.1 Imaging Modalities.- 13.2 Ultrasonography.- 13.2.1 Examination Technique.- 13.2.2 Sonoana