Biological Response Modifiers Interferons, Double-Stranded RNA and 2,5-Oligoaden

InhaltsangabeActivation of the dsRNA-Dependent Kinase.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Mechanism of Activation of the dsRNA-Dependent Kinase.- 3 Regulation of the dsRNA-Dependent Kinase.- 4 Biological Significance of the dsRNA-Dependent Kinase.- 5 Conclusion and Prospective.- References.- Double-Stranded RNAs as Gene Activators.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Double-Stranded RNA as Gene Inducers.- 3 Interaction of dsRNA with Target Cells.- 4 dsRNAs as Gene Activators.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- Viral-Dependent Phosphorylation of a dsRNA-Dependent Kinase.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Plant-Virus Interactions.- 3 Plant-Protein Phosphorylation.- 4 Detection of Viral-Induced Phosphorylation.- 5 Characterization of Viral-Induced Phosphorylation.- 5.1 Stimulatory Molecules.- 5.2 Temporal Pattern of Phosphorylation.- 5.3 In Vivo Phosphorylation of p68.- 5.4 Characterization of p68 Protein Kinase Activity.- 5.5 Immunological Similarity with the Human p68.- 5.6 Peptide Sequencing.- 5.7 Transgenic Plant Studies.- 6 Homology with Mammalian Kinases.- 7 Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- Cellular Inhibitors of the Interferon-Induced, dsRNA-Activated Protein Kinase.- 1 Introduction.- 2 A Cellular Inhibitor of the P68 Kinase from Influenza Virus-Infected Cells.- 2.1 Downregulation of the P68 Kinase During Influenza Virus Infection.- 2.2 Purification and Characterization of a Cellular Inhibitor of the P68 Kinase from Influenza Virus-Infected Cells.- 2.3 Identification of the 58-kDa Protein and a Specific Anti-Inhibitory Activity in Uninfected MDBK Cells.- 2.4 Model of P68 Kinase Regulation.- 3 Degradation of the P68 Kinase by a Cellular Protease During Poliovirus Infection.- 4 A Cellular Inhibitor That Regulates the P68 Kinase in 3T3-F442 Fibroblasts.- 5 A Cellular Inhibitor of the P68 Kinase in Oncogenic ras-Transformed BALB Cells.- 6 A Cellular Inhibitor of the P68 Kinase in Human Amnion FL Cells.- 7 Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- Mechanism of the Antiretroviral Effect of dsRNA.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Intracellular Antiviral Defence Mechanisms: 2-5A/RNase L and p68 Kinase Pathways.- 3 Alterations in the Level of 2-5A.- 3.1 Cultured Cells.- 3.2 HIV Patients.- 4 Activation of the 2-5A System and p68 Kinase by dsRNA.- 4.1 Activation of 2-5OAS by hnRNA.- 4.2 Activation of 2-5OAS by the TAR Sequence of HIV-1-LTR.- 4.3 Activation of p68 Kinase by the TAR Sequence of HIV-1-LTR.- 5 Modulation of Intracellular Antiviral Mechanisms by dsRNA Analogues.- 5.1 Poly (I) · Poly (C12U) (Ampligen): Chemistry and Physical Properties.- 5.2 Modulation of Cytokine Action and Natural Killer Cell Activity.- 5.3 Anti-HIV Activity.- 5.4 Activation of 2-5OAS.- 5.5 Modulation of p68 Kinase Activity.- 5.6 Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase I.- 5.7 Degradation by dsRNase.- 6 Mechanism of the Antiviral Effect.- 6.1 Binding to Cell Surface Receptors.- 6.2 Binding to 2-5OAS and p68 Kinase.- 6.3 Activation of 2-5OAS.- 7 Antiproliferative Activity of dsRNA.- 8 Mechanism of the Antiproliferative Effect of Poly (I) · Poly (C12U).- 9 Clinical Experience.- 9.1 AIDS.- 9.2 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.- 9.3 Cancer.- 10 Drug-Resistant HIV.- 11 Combination with Other Anti-HIV Compounds.- 11.1 AZT.- 11.2 dsRNA Intercalating Agents.- 12 Perspectives.- References.- The Antiviral Activity of RNA-Dye Combinations.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Structure of Double-Stranded RNA.- 3 Structural Consequences of Intercalation.- 4 Antiviral Activity of Intercalative Dyes.- 5 Antiviral Activity of Anthraquinones.- 6 Antiviral Activity of Xanthenes.- 7 Toxicity of Dye/RNA Combinations.- 8 Dye/RNA Combinations and HIV-1.- 9 Interferon Induction and Direct Viral Inactivation of Dye/RNA Combinations.- 10 Subcellular Localization of Dyes and Dye/RNA Combinations.- 11 Dye-Induced Condensation of RNA.- 12 Biological Consequences of Dye/RNA Combinations.- 13 Summary.- References.- Chemical Synthesis of 2?5?-Oligoadenylate Analogues.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Biochemical Mechanism of Interferon Activity.- 3 The 2-5-OligoA System.- 4 2?