Beschreibung
From its discovery in 1929 by Hans Berger until the late 1960s, when sensory visual and auditory evoked potentials were dis covered and became popular, the EEG was the most important method of neurophysiological examination. W-ith the advent of computer technology in the 1980s, it became possible to plot the potential fields of the EEG onto models of the scalp. This plot ting of information as neuroimages followed the structural and functional techniques of Cf, MRI, PET and SPECf. The success of this method, which began in the early 1980s, has led to the brain mapping of EEGs and EPs being increasingly used for di agnosistic purposes in neurology, psychiatry and psychopharma cology. The pioneers of this method believed in it and were commit ted to its success. However, many traditionalists felt that it gave no new information and so regarded the method with scepticism. Some found both the coloured maps and the mapping technique misleading, which led to unnecessary conflict between mappers and their chromophobic oponents. Emotions have run so high that some professional bodies have justifiably adopted guidelines and warned of the misuse of the method.
Autorenportrait
Inhaltsangabe1 Introduction.- 2 History.- 3 Definition and Terminology.- 4 Methodology.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 General Conditions.- 4.3 Calibration.- 4.4 Electrodes.- 4.5 References.- 4.6 Baseline.- 4.7 Artifacts.- 5 Data Acquisition and Signal Analysis.- 5.1 Analog to Digital Conversion.- 5.2 Aliasing.- 5.3 Amplitude Mapping (Time Domain).- 5.4 Frequency Mapping (Frequency Domain).- 5.5 Map Construction (Spatial Domain).- 5.6 Map Features.- 5.7 Mapping of Evoked Potentials.- 5.7.1 Latency and Amplitude Determination for EPs and ERPs.- 6 Storing of Data.- 7 Statistical Procedures.- 8 Practical Application: Findings in Normal Subjects.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 EEG Features in the Time Domain.- 8.2.1 Dipole Estimation.- 8.3 EEG Features in the Frequency Domain.- 8.4 EP Features.- 8.4.1 Mapping of Visual Evoked Potentials.- 8.4.2 Mapping of Auditory Evoked Potentials.- 8.4.3 Mapping of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials.- 8.4.4 Mapping of Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) and in Response to Olfactory and Chemosensory Stimulation.- 8.5 EEG Mapping After Sensory, Motor, and Mental Activation and due to Psychotherapeutic Interventions.- 8.6 Sleep Features.- 9 Findings in Diseases.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Evaluation of EEG and EP Maps.- 9.3 Clinical Examples.- 9.3.1 Introduction.- 9.3.2 EEG Mapping of Local Frequency and Amplitude Differences.- 9.3.2.1 States Causing Increased Intracranial Pressure (Brain Tumors).- 9.3.2.2 Cerebrovascular Diseases.- 9.3.3 EEG Mapping of Transients.- 9.4 EEG and EP Mapping During Normal Aging.- 9.4.1 Changes in EEG Topography.- 9.4.2 Changes in P300 Topography.- 9.5 EEG and P300 Topography in Dementia of Alzheimer Type.- 9.5.1 Stage-Dependent Alterations of EEG and P300 Mapping in Dementia of Alzheimer Type.- 9.5.2 Differential Diagnosis of Dementia.- 9.5.2.1 Luetic Infection (Progressive Paralysis).- 9.5.2.2 Pick's Disease.- 9.5.2.3 Wilson's Disease.- 9.5.2.4 Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson's Disease with Dementia, Dementia of Alzheimer Type, and Major Depressive Disorder.- 9.5.2.5 Dementia of Alzheimer Type and Multi-infarct Dementia.- 9.6 EEG and EP Mapping in Psychoses.- 9.6.1 Case Studies.- 9.6.1.1 Schizoaffective Disorder (DSM-III: 295.7).- 9.6.1.2 Schizophrenic Disorder, Paranoid Subtype (DSM-III: 295.3).- 9.6.1.3 Major Depressive Disorder (DSM-III: 296.2).- 9.6.2 Group Results.- 9.6.2.1 EEG Mapping in Schizophrenia.- 9.6.2.2 P300 Mapping in Schizophrenia.- 9.6.2.3 EEG and EP Mapping in Depression.- 9.7 EEG and EP Mapping in Clinical Psychopharmacology.- 9.7.1 EEG Mapping After Application of Drugs.- 9.7.2 EP Mapping After Administration of Drugs.- 10 Advanced Methods.- 10.1 Dipole Source Estimation.- 10.2 Neurometrics.- 10.3 Determining Differences Between Maps.- References.
