Structure and Dynamics of Surfaces II

Inhaltsangabe1. Introduction: Surface Phenomena and Their Analysis by Scattering Experiments.- 1.1 Surface Phenomena.- 1.1.1 Reconstruction and Relaxation.- 1.1.2 Phase Transitions.- 1.1.3 Defects.- 1.1.4 Phonons and Mean Vibrational Amplitudes.- 1.1.5 Bound Resonant States.- 1.1.6 Vibrations of Adsorbed Species.- 1.1.7 Diffusion, Adsorption and Desorption.- 1.1.8 Segregation.- 1.1.9 Interfaces and Superlattices.- 1.1.10 Magnetism and Electronic States.- 1.2 Scattering Methods for Surface Analysis.- 1.2.1 Electron Scattering.- 1.2.2 Scattering of He Atoms.- 1.2.3 Neutron Scattering.- 1.2.4 X-Ray Scattering.- 1.2.5 Scattering of Ions.- 1.2.6 Comparison of Different Scattering Methods.- 1.2.7 Conclusion and Outlook.- 1.3 On the Temperature-Dependence of Surface Properties.- 1.3.1 Pair Potentials at the Surface.- 1.3.2 Density-Functional Formalism for Nonzero Temperatures.- 1.3.3 Conclusions.- 1.4 Book Outline.- References.- Additional References with Titles.- 2. Study of Surface Phonons by Means of the Green's Function Method.- 2.1 Introductory Remarks.- 2.2 The Time-Independent Green's Function Method in Summary.- 2.3 The Green's Function Method in Surface Dynamics.- 2.4 From a Slab to a Semiinfinite Lattice: Selfconsistent Definition of the Perturbation Matrix.- 2.5 The Electronic Contribution to Surface Dynamics in the Framework of Shell Models.- 2.6 Surface Vibrations in Alkali Halides.- 2.6.1 LiF and NaF.- 2.6.2 NaCl and NaI.- 2.6.3 Potassium Halides.- 2.7 Further Developments: The Study of Surface Phonon Anomalies.- References.- 3. Surface Diffusion and Layer Growth.- 3.1 Mass Transport and Growth Phenomena at Surfaces.- 3.2 Description of Surface Diffusion.- 3.3 Experimental Methods for the Study of Surface Diffusion and Typical Results.- 3.3.1 Direct Observation of Diffusing Atoms.- 3.3.2 The Study of Particle Correlations in Equilibrium Systems.- 3.3.3 Diffusion Studies in a Concentration Gradient.- 3.3.4 Anisotropy of Surface Diffusion.- 3.3.5 Surface Diffusion Near the Melting Point.- 3.4 Growth Modes.- 3.5 Layer-Growth Techniques.- 3.6 Methods for the Examination of Growth Processes and Typical Results.- 3.6.1 Detection of Growth Modes by Electron Spectroscopy.- 3.6.2 Observation of Layer Growth by Diffraction Experiments.- 3.6.3 Examination of Surface and Interface Layers by High-Energy Ion Scattering.- 3.6.4 The Growth of Metal Layers on Semiconductor Substrates.- 3.6.5 Examination of Superlattices.- 3.7 Model Calculations and Simulations.- 3.8 Conclusion and Outlook.- References.- Additional References with Titles.- 4. Phase Transitions on Single-Crystal Surfaces and in Chemisorbed Layers.- 4.1 Background.- 4.2 Theoretical Foundations.- 4.2.1 Phases in Two Dimensions.- 4.2.2 Origin of Surface Phases and Relation to Magnetic Models.- 4.2.3 Models and Nomenclature.- 4.2.4 Continuous Order-Disorder Transitions.- a) Critical Behaviour and Exponents, Universality and Scaling Laws.- b) Symmetry Analysis and Symmetric Lattice Models.- c) Asymmetric and Anisotropic Models.- 4.2.5 Order-Order Transitions.- 4.2.6 Commensurate-Incommensurate Transitions.- 4.2.7 Melting in Two Dimensions.- 4.2.8 Interface Delocalization Transitions in Two Dimensions.- 4.2.9 Systems with Long-Range Repulsive Interactions.- 4.2.10 Systems with Purely Attractive Interactions.- 4.3 Experimental Techniques.- 4.3.1 Diffraction Methods.- 4.3.2 Scattering Methods.- 4.3.3 Work Function Change Measurement.- 4.3.4 Thermal Desorption Methods.- 4.3.5 Electron Microscopy.- 4.3.6 Experimental Limitations.- 4.4 Results.- 4.4.1 Clean Surfaces.- a) The Si(111)-(7 × 7)?(1 × 1) Transition.- b) The Au(110)-(1 × 2)?(1 × 1) Transition.- c) W(100)-c(2 × 2)?(1 × 1) Transition.- d) Other Transitions on Clean Surfaces.- 4.4.2 Chemisorbed Layers with Repulsive Nearest-Neighbour Interactions.- a) Two-Dimensionally Densely Packed Surfaces.- b) One-Dimensionally Densely Packed Surfaces (p2mm).- c) Open Surfaces.- 4.4.3 Chemisorbed Layers with Attractive Nearest-Neighbour Interactions.-